all: drop support for Go 1.18 through 1.24

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        go: ['1.18.x', '1.19.x', '1.20.x', '1.21.x', '1.22.x', '1.23.x', '1.24.x', '1.25.x', '1.26.x']
+        go: ['1.25.x', '1.26.x']
     name: Test with Go ${{ matrix.go }} on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     defaults:
@@ -174,21 +174,18 @@ jobs:
            go env -u CXX
 
       - name: go test race (no Cgo)
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'macOS' &&  !startsWith(matrix.go, '1.18.') && !startsWith(matrix.go, '1.19.') }}
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         run: |
           # -race usually requires Cgo, but macOS is an exception. See https://go.dev/doc/articles/race_detector#Requirements
           env CGO_ENABLED=0 go test -race -shuffle=on -v -count=10 ./...
 
       - name: go test race (Cgo)
-        if: ${{ !startsWith(matrix.go, '1.18.') && !startsWith(matrix.go, '1.19.') }}
         run: |
           env CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -race -shuffle=on -v -count=10 ./...
 
   minor-arches:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        # Test only the latest two Go versions to save CI time.
-        # See https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#policy
         go: ['1.25.x', '1.26.x']
     name: Test with Go ${{ matrix.go }} on Linux minor architectures
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -285,8 +282,6 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: ['FreeBSD', 'NetBSD']
-        # Test only the latest two Go versions to save CI time.
-        # See https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#policy
         go: ['1.25.8', '1.26.1']
     name: Test with Go ${{ matrix.go }} on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04

callback_test.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestCallGoFromSharedLib(t *testing.T) {
 
 	const want = 10101
 	cb := purego.NewCallback(goFunc)
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for i := range 10 {
 		got := callCallback(cb, "a test string")
 		if got != want {
 			t.Fatalf("%d: callCallback() got %v want %v", i, got, want)

examples/objc/main_darwin.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func main() {
 		[]objc.FieldDef{
 			{
 				Name:      "bar",
-				Type:      reflect.TypeOf(int(0)),
+				Type:      reflect.TypeFor[int](),
 				Attribute: objc.ReadWrite,
 			},
 		},

func.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/strings"
-	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/xreflect"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ func RegisterFunc(fptr any, cfn uintptr) {
 				// created in NewCallback.
 				for j := 0; j < arg.NumIn(); j++ {
 					in := arg.In(j)
-					if !in.AssignableTo(reflect.TypeOf(CDecl{})) {
+					if !in.AssignableTo(reflect.TypeFor[CDecl]()) {
 						continue
 					}
 					if j != 0 {
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ func RegisterFunc(fptr any, cfn uintptr) {
 			}
 		}
 		for i, v := range args {
-			if variadic, ok := xreflect.TypeAssert[[]any](args[i]); ok {
+			if variadic, ok := reflect.TypeAssert[[]any](args[i]); ok {
 				if i != len(args)-1 {
 					panic("purego: can only expand last parameter")
 				}

func_test.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func TestRegisterFunc_ConcurrentPointerReturn(t *testing.T) {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(id int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 400_000; j++ {
+			for range 400_000 {
 				ptr := alloc(5)
 				if ptr == nil {
 					continue

go.mod

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module github.com/ebitengine/purego
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.25.0

objc/objc_block_darwin.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
-	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/xreflect"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ func (*blockCache) encode(typ reflect.Type) *uint8 {
 		encoding = returnType
 	}
 
-	if typ.NumIn() == 0 || typ.In(0) != reflect.TypeOf(Block(0)) {
+	if typ.NumIn() == 0 || typ.In(0) != reflect.TypeFor[Block]() {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("objc: A Block implementation must take a Block as its first argument; got %v", typ.String()))
 	}
 
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ func (b *blockCache) getLayout(typ reflect.Type) blockLayout {
 		reflect.MakeFunc(
 			typ,
 			func(args []reflect.Value) (results []reflect.Value) {
-				block, ok := xreflect.TypeAssert[Block](args[0])
+				block, ok := reflect.TypeAssert[Block](args[0])
 				if !ok {
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("objc: block argument is not a block but %s", args[0].Type().String()))
 				}
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ func InvokeBlock[T any](block Block, args ...any) (result T, err error) {
 	callResult := fn.Call(reflectedArgs)
 
 	var ok bool
-	result, ok = xreflect.TypeAssert[T](callResult[0])
+	result, ok = reflect.TypeAssert[T](callResult[0])
 	if !ok {
 		return result, fmt.Errorf("objc: the returned value type %s was not %T", callResult[0].Type().String(), result)
 	}

objc/objc_runtime_darwin.go

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	stdstrings "strings"
 	"unicode"
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
 	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/strings"
-	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/xreflect"
 )
 
 // TODO: support try/catch?
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func RegisterClass(name string, superClass Class, protocols []*Protocol, ivars [
 		case ReadWrite:
 			ty := reflect.FuncOf(
 				[]reflect.Type{
-					reflect.TypeOf(ID(0)), reflect.TypeOf(SEL(0)), ivar.Type,
+					reflect.TypeFor[ID](), reflect.TypeFor[SEL](), ivar.Type,
 				},
 				nil, false,
 			)
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ func RegisterClass(name string, superClass Class, protocols []*Protocol, ivars [
 				//	})(unsafe.Pointer(args[0].Interface().(ID)))).v = 123
 				//
 				// However, since the type of the variable is unknown reflection is used to actually assign the value
-				id, ok := xreflect.TypeAssert[ID](args[0])
+				id, ok := reflect.TypeAssert[ID](args[0])
 				if !ok {
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("objc: id argument is not a ID but %s", args[0].Type().String()))
 				}
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func RegisterClass(name string, superClass Class, protocols []*Protocol, ivars [
 		case ReadOnly:
 			ty := reflect.FuncOf(
 				[]reflect.Type{
-					reflect.TypeOf(ID(0)), reflect.TypeOf(SEL(0)),
+					reflect.TypeFor[ID](), reflect.TypeFor[SEL](),
 				},
 				[]reflect.Type{ivar.Type}, false,
 			)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ func RegisterClass(name string, superClass Class, protocols []*Protocol, ivars [
 				if len(args) != 2 {
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("objc: incorrect number of args. expected 2 got %d", len(args)))
 				}
-				id, ok := xreflect.TypeAssert[ID](args[0])
+				id, ok := reflect.TypeAssert[ID](args[0])
 				if !ok {
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("objc: id argument is not a ID but %s", args[0].Type().String()))
 				}
@@ -419,11 +419,11 @@ const (
 // Source: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjCRuntimeGuide/Articles/ocrtTypeEncodings.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40008048-CH100
 func encodeType(typ reflect.Type, insidePtr bool) (string, error) {
 	switch typ {
-	case reflect.TypeOf(Class(0)):
+	case reflect.TypeFor[Class]():
 		return encClass, nil
-	case reflect.TypeOf(ID(0)), reflect.TypeOf(Block(0)):
+	case reflect.TypeFor[ID](), reflect.TypeFor[Block]():
 		return encId, nil
-	case reflect.TypeOf(SEL(0)):
+	case reflect.TypeFor[SEL]():
 		return encSelector, nil
 	}
 
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ func (p *Protocol) Register() {
 func (p *Protocol) CopyMethodDescriptionList(isRequiredMethod, isInstanceMethod bool) []MethodDescription {
 	count := uint32(0)
 	desc := protocol_copyMethodDescriptionList(p, isRequiredMethod, isInstanceMethod, &count)
-	methods := clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
+	methods := slices.Clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
 	free(unsafe.Pointer(desc))
 	return methods
 }
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ func (p *Protocol) CopyMethodDescriptionList(isRequiredMethod, isInstanceMethod
 func (p *Protocol) CopyProtocolList() []*Protocol {
 	count := uint32(0)
 	desc := protocol_copyProtocolList(p, &count)
-	protocols := clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
+	protocols := slices.Clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
 	free(unsafe.Pointer(desc))
 	return protocols
 }
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ func (p *Protocol) CopyProtocolList() []*Protocol {
 func (p *Protocol) CopyPropertyList(isRequiredProperty, isInstanceProperty bool) []Property {
 	count := uint32(0)
 	desc := protocol_copyPropertyList2(p, &count, isRequiredProperty, isInstanceProperty)
-	protocols := clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
+	protocols := slices.Clone(unsafe.Slice(desc, count))
 	free(unsafe.Pointer(desc))
 	return protocols
 }
@@ -691,21 +691,10 @@ func NewIMP(fn any) IMP {
 	switch {
 	case ty.NumIn() < 2:
 		fallthrough
-	case ty.In(0) != reflect.TypeOf(ID(0)):
+	case ty.In(0) != reflect.TypeFor[ID]():
 		fallthrough
-	case ty.In(1) != reflect.TypeOf(SEL(0)):
+	case ty.In(1) != reflect.TypeFor[SEL]():
 		panic("objc: NewIMP must take a (id, SEL) as its first two arguments; got " + ty.String())
 	}
 	return IMP(purego.NewCallback(fn))
 }
-
-// TODO: remove and use slices.Clone when minimum version for purego is 1.21
-func clone[S ~[]E, E any](s S) S {
-	// Preserve nilness in case it matters.
-	if s == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// Avoid s[:0:0] as it leads to unwanted liveness when cloning a
-	// zero-length slice of a large array; see https://go.dev/issue/68488.
-	return append(S{}, s...)
-}

objc/objc_runtime_darwin_test.go

@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ func ExampleRegisterClass() {
 		[]objc.FieldDef{
 			{
 				Name:      "bar",
-				Type:      reflect.TypeOf(int(0)),
+				Type:      reflect.TypeFor[int](),
 				Attribute: objc.ReadWrite,
 			},
 			{
 				Name:      "foo",
-				Type:      reflect.TypeOf(false),
+				Type:      reflect.TypeFor[bool](),
 				Attribute: objc.ReadWrite,
 			},
 		},

struct_arm64.go

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func copyStruct8ByteChunks(ptr unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr, addChunk func(uintp
 			chunk = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Add(ptr, offset))
 		} else {
 			// Read byte-by-byte to avoid reading beyond allocation
-			for i := uintptr(0); i < remaining; i++ {
+			for i := range remaining {
 				b := *(*byte)(unsafe.Add(ptr, offset+i))
 				chunk |= uintptr(b) << (i * 8)
 			}
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ func bundleStackArgs(stackArgs []reflect.Value, addStack func(uintptr)) {
 			paddingNeeded := uintptr(valAlign) - (currentOffset % uintptr(valAlign))
 			fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
 				Name: paddingFieldPrefix + strconv.Itoa(fieldIndex),
-				Type: reflect.ArrayOf(int(paddingNeeded), reflect.TypeOf(byte(0))),
+				Type: reflect.ArrayOf(int(paddingNeeded), reflect.TypeFor[byte]()),
 			})
 			currentOffset += paddingNeeded
 			fieldIndex++
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ func getCallbackStruct(inType reflect.Type, frame unsafe.Pointer, floatsN *int,
 
 	// Pointer on stack (rare: all integer registers exhausted).
 	if isDarwin {
-		ptrVal := callbackArgFromStack(frame, *stackSlot, stackByteOffset, reflect.TypeOf(uintptr(0)))
+		ptrVal := callbackArgFromStack(frame, *stackSlot, stackByteOffset, reflect.TypeFor[uintptr]())
 		ptr := uintptr(ptrVal.Uint())
 		return reflect.NewAt(inType, *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&ptr))).Elem()
 	}