diff --git a/src/google/adk/models/anthropic_llm.py b/src/google/adk/models/anthropic_llm.py
index 58df3fd9a5..31e2be4145 100644
--- a/src/google/adk/models/anthropic_llm.py
+++ b/src/google/adk/models/anthropic_llm.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import Union
 
+import anthropic
 from anthropic import AsyncAnthropic
 from anthropic import AsyncAnthropicVertex
 from anthropic import NOT_GIVEN
@@ -52,6 +53,15 @@
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("google_adk." + __name__)
 
+_RATE_LIMIT_POSSIBLE_FIX_MESSAGE = """
+To mitigate rate limit errors, consider using a different model, reducing
+request frequency, or upgrading your Anthropic API plan.
+"""
+
+
+class AnthropicRateLimitError(Exception):
+  """Raised when the Anthropic API returns a rate limit error."""
+
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class _ToolUseAccumulator:
@@ -494,16 +504,21 @@ async def generate_content_async(
     thinking = _build_anthropic_thinking_param(llm_request.config)
 
     if not stream:
-      message = await self._anthropic_client.messages.create(
-          model=model_to_use,
-          system=llm_request.config.system_instruction,
-          messages=messages,
-          tools=tools,
-          tool_choice=tool_choice,
-          max_tokens=self.max_tokens,
-          thinking=thinking,
-      )
-      yield message_to_generate_content_response(message)
+      try:
+        message = await self._anthropic_client.messages.create(
+            model=model_to_use,
+            system=llm_request.config.system_instruction,
+            messages=messages,
+            tools=tools,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            max_tokens=self.max_tokens,
+            thinking=thinking,
+        )
+        yield message_to_generate_content_response(message)
+      except anthropic.RateLimitError as e:
+        raise AnthropicRateLimitError(
+            f"{_RATE_LIMIT_POSSIBLE_FIX_MESSAGE}\n\n{e}"
+        ) from e
     else:
       async for response in self._generate_content_streaming(
           llm_request, messages, tools, tool_choice, thinking
@@ -528,16 +543,21 @@ async def _generate_content_streaming(
     a final aggregated LlmResponse with all content.
     """
     model_to_use = self._resolve_model_name(llm_request.model)
-    raw_stream = await self._anthropic_client.messages.create(
-        model=model_to_use,
-        system=llm_request.config.system_instruction,
-        messages=messages,
-        tools=tools,
-        tool_choice=tool_choice,
-        max_tokens=self.max_tokens,
-        stream=True,
-        thinking=thinking,
-    )
+    try:
+      raw_stream = await self._anthropic_client.messages.create(
+          model=model_to_use,
+          system=llm_request.config.system_instruction,
+          messages=messages,
+          tools=tools,
+          tool_choice=tool_choice,
+          max_tokens=self.max_tokens,
+          stream=True,
+          thinking=thinking,
+      )
+    except anthropic.RateLimitError as e:
+      raise AnthropicRateLimitError(
+          f"{_RATE_LIMIT_POSSIBLE_FIX_MESSAGE}\n\n{e}"
+      ) from e
 
     # Track content blocks being built during streaming.
     # Each entry maps a block index to its accumulated state.
diff --git a/tests/unittests/models/test_anthropic_llm.py b/tests/unittests/models/test_anthropic_llm.py
index aa18d6f072..bde79897fc 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/models/test_anthropic_llm.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/models/test_anthropic_llm.py
@@ -1905,3 +1905,116 @@ async def test_streaming_redacted_thinking_block_preserved_in_final():
 
   text_part = final.content.parts[1]
   assert text_part.text == "Done."
+
+
+# --- Tests for Anthropic API error handling ---
+
+
+def _make_non_streaming_request():
+  return LlmRequest(
+      model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
+      contents=[Content(role="user", parts=[Part.from_text(text="Hi")])],
+      config=types.GenerateContentConfig(system_instruction="Test"),
+  )
+
+
+def _make_rate_limit_error():
+  import anthropic
+
+  mock_response = MagicMock()
+  mock_response.status_code = 429
+  mock_response.headers = {}
+  return anthropic.RateLimitError(
+      message="rate limit exceeded",
+      response=mock_response,
+      body={"error": {"message": "rate limit exceeded"}},
+  )
+
+
+def _make_auth_error():
+  import anthropic
+
+  mock_response = MagicMock()
+  mock_response.status_code = 401
+  mock_response.headers = {}
+  return anthropic.AuthenticationError(
+      message="invalid api key",
+      response=mock_response,
+      body={"error": {"message": "invalid api key"}},
+  )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_non_streaming_rate_limit_raises_anthropic_rate_limit_error():
+  """RateLimitError is re-raised as AnthropicRateLimitError with helpful message."""
+  from google.adk.models.anthropic_llm import AnthropicRateLimitError
+
+  llm = AnthropicLlm(model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514")
+  mock_client = MagicMock()
+  mock_client.messages.create = AsyncMock(side_effect=_make_rate_limit_error())
+
+  with mock.patch.object(llm, "_anthropic_client", mock_client):
+    with pytest.raises(AnthropicRateLimitError):
+      _ = [
+          r
+          async for r in llm.generate_content_async(
+              _make_non_streaming_request(), stream=False
+          )
+      ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_streaming_rate_limit_raises_anthropic_rate_limit_error():
+  """RateLimitError is re-raised as AnthropicRateLimitError in streaming path."""
+  from google.adk.models.anthropic_llm import AnthropicRateLimitError
+
+  llm = AnthropicLlm(model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514")
+  mock_client = MagicMock()
+  mock_client.messages.create = AsyncMock(side_effect=_make_rate_limit_error())
+
+  with mock.patch.object(llm, "_anthropic_client", mock_client):
+    with pytest.raises(AnthropicRateLimitError):
+      _ = [
+          r
+          async for r in llm.generate_content_async(
+              _make_non_streaming_request(), stream=True
+          )
+      ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_non_streaming_other_errors_propagate():
+  """Non-rate-limit errors propagate unchanged."""
+  import anthropic
+
+  llm = AnthropicLlm(model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514")
+  mock_client = MagicMock()
+  mock_client.messages.create = AsyncMock(side_effect=_make_auth_error())
+
+  with mock.patch.object(llm, "_anthropic_client", mock_client):
+    with pytest.raises(anthropic.AuthenticationError):
+      _ = [
+          r
+          async for r in llm.generate_content_async(
+              _make_non_streaming_request(), stream=False
+          )
+      ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_streaming_other_errors_propagate():
+  """Non-rate-limit errors propagate unchanged in streaming path."""
+  import anthropic
+
+  llm = AnthropicLlm(model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514")
+  mock_client = MagicMock()
+  mock_client.messages.create = AsyncMock(side_effect=_make_auth_error())
+
+  with mock.patch.object(llm, "_anthropic_client", mock_client):
+    with pytest.raises(anthropic.AuthenticationError):
+      _ = [
+          r
+          async for r in llm.generate_content_async(
+              _make_non_streaming_request(), stream=True
+          )
+      ]