diff --git a/rules/require_cap_drop_all.go b/rules/require_cap_drop_all.go
index 8802969..ec54e53 100644
--- a/rules/require_cap_drop_all.go
+++ b/rules/require_cap_drop_all.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func checkRequireCapDropAll(_ *linter.Context, node *linter.Node) []linter.Findi
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if arr, ok := arrayMember(obj, "runArgs"); ok {
+	for arr := range arrayMembers(obj, "runArgs") {
 		if runArgsFindFlagValue(arr, "--cap-drop", func(s string) bool { return s == "ALL" }) != nil {
 			return nil
 		}
diff --git a/rules/require_cap_drop_all_test.go b/rules/require_cap_drop_all_test.go
index 29871f4..91a1b3c 100644
--- a/rules/require_cap_drop_all_test.go
+++ b/rules/require_cap_drop_all_test.go
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@ func TestRequireCapDropAll(t *testing.T) {
 				Message: `"ALL" is not set via "runArgs", leaving the container with its default Linux capabilities`},
 		}},
 
+		// duplicate members: a JSON parser keeps only the last copy, so every copy is read
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by the last", `{"runArgs": ["--init"], "runArgs": ["--cap-drop=ALL"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by the first", `{"runArgs": ["--cap-drop=ALL"], "runArgs": ["--init"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, one copy not an array", `{"runArgs": "--cap-drop=ALL", "runArgs": ["--cap-drop", "ALL"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by neither", `{"runArgs": ["--init"], "runArgs": ["--cap-add=SYS_PTRACE"]}`, []linter.Issue{
+			{Path: "devcontainer.json", Line: 1, Col: 1, RuleID: "require-cap-drop-all",
+				Message: `"ALL" is not set via "runArgs", leaving the container with its default Linux capabilities`},
+		}},
+
 		// document root
 		{"root is an array, not an object", `[]`, nil},
 	}
diff --git a/rules/require_no_new_privileges.go b/rules/require_no_new_privileges.go
index 6908c91..0068974 100644
--- a/rules/require_no_new_privileges.go
+++ b/rules/require_no_new_privileges.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func checkRequireNoNewPrivileges(_ *linter.Context, node *linter.Node) []linter.
 	if stringArrayContains(obj, "securityOpt", securityOptIsNoNewPrivileges) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if arr, ok := arrayMember(obj, "runArgs"); ok {
+	for arr := range arrayMembers(obj, "runArgs") {
 		if runArgsFindFlagValue(arr, "--security-opt", securityOptIsNoNewPrivileges) != nil {
 			return nil
 		}
diff --git a/rules/require_no_new_privileges_test.go b/rules/require_no_new_privileges_test.go
index 454619f..39061c3 100644
--- a/rules/require_no_new_privileges_test.go
+++ b/rules/require_no_new_privileges_test.go
@@ -53,6 +53,22 @@ func TestRequireNoNewPrivileges(t *testing.T) {
 				Message: `"no-new-privileges" is not set via "securityOpt" or "runArgs", allowing container processes to gain additional privileges`},
 		}},
 
+		// duplicate members: a JSON parser keeps only the last copy, so every copy is read
+		{"securityOpt duplicated, set by the last", `{"securityOpt": [], "securityOpt": ["no-new-privileges"]}`, nil},
+		{"securityOpt duplicated, set by the first", `{"securityOpt": ["no-new-privileges"], "securityOpt": []}`, nil},
+		{"securityOpt duplicated, one copy not an array", `{"securityOpt": "no-new-privileges", "securityOpt": ["no-new-privileges"]}`, nil},
+		{"securityOpt duplicated, set by neither", `{"securityOpt": [], "securityOpt": ["seccomp=unconfined"]}`, []linter.Issue{
+			{Path: "devcontainer.json", Line: 1, Col: 1, RuleID: "require-no-new-privileges",
+				Message: `"no-new-privileges" is not set via "securityOpt" or "runArgs", allowing container processes to gain additional privileges`},
+		}},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by the last", `{"runArgs": ["--init"], "runArgs": ["--security-opt=no-new-privileges"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by the first", `{"runArgs": ["--security-opt=no-new-privileges"], "runArgs": ["--init"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, one copy not an array", `{"runArgs": "--security-opt=no-new-privileges", "runArgs": ["--security-opt", "no-new-privileges"]}`, nil},
+		{"runArgs duplicated, set by neither", `{"runArgs": ["--init"], "runArgs": ["--cap-drop=ALL"]}`, []linter.Issue{
+			{Path: "devcontainer.json", Line: 1, Col: 1, RuleID: "require-no-new-privileges",
+				Message: `"no-new-privileges" is not set via "securityOpt" or "runArgs", allowing container processes to gain additional privileges`},
+		}},
+
 		// document root
 		{"root is an array, not an object", `[]`, nil},
 	}
diff --git a/rules/util.go b/rules/util.go
index e74c092..0590d27 100644
--- a/rules/util.go
+++ b/rules/util.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package rules
 
 import (
+	"iter"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/bare-devcontainer/decolint/linter"
@@ -27,42 +28,40 @@ func memberNamed(obj *hujson.Object, name string) *hujson.ObjectMember {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// stringArrayContains reports whether obj has a member named name whose value is an array
-// containing a string element for which match returns true. It returns false if obj has no such
-// member or the member's value is not an array.
+// stringArrayContains reports whether any array member of obj named name (see [arrayMembers])
+// contains a string element for which match returns true.
 func stringArrayContains(obj *hujson.Object, name string, match func(string) bool) bool {
-	for _, m := range obj.Members {
-		nameLit, ok := m.Name.Value.(hujson.Literal)
-		if !ok || nameLit.String() != name {
-			continue
-		}
-		arr, ok := m.Value.Value.(*hujson.Array)
-		if !ok {
-			return false
-		}
+	for arr := range arrayMembers(obj, name) {
 		for _, elem := range arr.Elements {
 			lit, ok := elem.Value.(hujson.Literal)
 			if ok && lit.Kind() == '"' && match(lit.String()) {
 				return true
 			}
 		}
-		return false
 	}
 	return false
 }
 
-// arrayMember returns obj's member named name as an array. ok is false if obj has no such member or
-// the member's value is not an array.
-func arrayMember(obj *hujson.Object, name string) (arr *hujson.Array, ok bool) {
-	for _, m := range obj.Members {
-		nameLit, isLit := m.Name.Value.(hujson.Literal)
-		if !isLit || nameLit.String() != name {
-			continue
+// arrayMembers yields the value of every member of obj named name that is an array, skipping the
+// members whose value is not one. A malformed object may repeat a name: JSON parsers keep a single
+// copy — the last one — but decolint reads them all rather than report as unset something the
+// document plainly sets.
+func arrayMembers(obj *hujson.Object, name string) iter.Seq[*hujson.Array] {
+	return func(yield func(*hujson.Array) bool) {
+		for _, m := range obj.Members {
+			nameLit, ok := m.Name.Value.(hujson.Literal)
+			if !ok || nameLit.String() != name {
+				continue
+			}
+			arr, ok := m.Value.Value.(*hujson.Array)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if !yield(arr) {
+				return
+			}
 		}
-		arr, ok = m.Value.Value.(*hujson.Array)
-		return arr, ok
 	}
-	return nil, false
 }
 
 // runArgsFindFlagValue scans arr, a "runArgs" array, for an entry that sets flag to a value accepted